Classification Rules

The four Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation supplement the GRI for HTSUS classification. They govern use-based provisions, material descriptions, and competing use headings.

Composite goods are multi-material or multi-component products classified as a single article. Classification follows the component that gives the essential character under GRI 3(b).

Ejusdem generis (Latin: 'of the same kind') limits catch-all terms in an HTSUS heading or note to goods of the same class as the specific items listed before the catch-all phrase.

Eo nomine (Latin: 'by name') describes an HTSUS provision that names a specific article. An eo nomine designation is generally more specific than a use or material provision and prevails under GRI 3(a).

Essential character is the attribute that gives a composite good or set its fundamental identity under GRI 3(b). It is determined by nature, bulk, weight, value, and functional role — no single factor controls.

GRI 1 states that classification is determined first by the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes. It resolves the large majority of HTSUS classifications.

GRI 2 extends HTSUS heading coverage to unfinished articles (2a) and mixtures of materials (2b). It is applied when GRI 1 does not resolve classification for a good as presented.

GRI 3 resolves classification when a product is prima facie classifiable under two or more headings. It applies three sequential tests: most specific description (3a), essential character (3b), and last in numerical order (3c).

GRI 4 classifies goods that cannot be resolved by GRI 1–3 under the heading for the most similar or akin goods. It is a true residual rule, rarely invoked in practice.

GRI 5(a) classifies specially shaped containers with the goods they hold; GRI 5(b) classifies packing materials with the packed goods unless clearly suitable for repetitive use.

GRI 6 applies GRI 1–5 by analogy to determine which subheading within an HTSUS heading applies. Comparison is permitted only between subheadings at the same numeric level.

The six General Rules of Interpretation are the legally mandated framework for all HTSUS classification. They must be applied in strict sequence — GRI 1 first — and no rule may be skipped.

Principal use is the primary commercial use of a class or kind of goods in the United States — not the specific importer's intended use. It governs use-based HTSUS headings under Additional U.S. Rule 1(a).

A GRI 3(b) set contains two or more different articles put up together for retail sale and adapted for use together. Classification follows the component that gives the set its essential character.